Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
vida zaroushani; hedieh mirzakhani; farahnaz khajehnasiri
Abstract
Natural gas (NG) is one of the cleanest and safest sources of energy transmitted in a high pressure that must be reduced before entering City Gas Station (CGS). Identifying the effective parameters in creating the hazardous areas of CGS is essential to crisis and management. This study using PHAST version ...
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Natural gas (NG) is one of the cleanest and safest sources of energy transmitted in a high pressure that must be reduced before entering City Gas Station (CGS). Identifying the effective parameters in creating the hazardous areas of CGS is essential to crisis and management. This study using PHAST version 7.11(created by DNV Company) conducted a consequence modelling in three scenarios at three CGS stations in Qazvin Province, by actual data including weather conditions, gas pressure and temperature. The main results for the modeling in all three scenarios were jet fire, flash fire, and explosion. Based on the modeling results, most flame length was obtained in Avaj station with 10 meters more than others. Most radiation levels were also in Avaj station in about 150 m downwind distance, which can be caused by the longer flame length in this station.The results showed that in fire jet modeling, an increase in air temperature can lead to an increase in gas pressure and temperature, which in this study increased the flame length of 2 to 3 meters. However, the flame length and the hazardous area was higher during the day and summer. The use of PHAST modeling software can provide useful information including high-risk operational area, hazard area, high-risk time period (day, night and season) for the management team to respond to emergency situations in process industries. In addition, it is necessary to consider the combination of different operating parameters such as gas pressure and gas temperature with different weather conditions.
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
A. Bahramian
Abstract
In this study, the inactivation performance of units against pathogenic and biotoxin threats in a water treatment plant is studied. The assessment of the units and hazards of the water treatment plant against each of threats is studied by the RAMCAP risk analysis. The experiments showed that the Aflatoxin ...
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In this study, the inactivation performance of units against pathogenic and biotoxin threats in a water treatment plant is studied. The assessment of the units and hazards of the water treatment plant against each of threats is studied by the RAMCAP risk analysis. The experiments showed that the Aflatoxin was eliminated only by disinfection units. The reverse osmosis unit had high efficiency in removing Ricin, while the sand filtration had the lowest efficiency in removing biotoxins. The microbial analysis showed the total coliform bacteria, thermotolerant coliform and HPC index were increased slightly by increasing the incoming water's pH and turbidity, while their count were significantly reduced by increasing the free residual chlorine. Changes in the water temperature also had minor effects on microbial indexes. The RAMCAP analysis is used to reduce the vulnerability of units to conventional threats by determining
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
Rahbar Rahimi; Shirin Boulaqhi; Amir Ziarifar
Volume 13, Issue 4 , November 2016, , Pages 33-45
Abstract
Simulation of a process and analysis of its resulting data in both dynamic and steady-state conditions are fundamental steps in understanding the process in order to design and efficient control of system as well as implementing operational cost reduction scheme. In the present paper, steady and unsteady ...
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Simulation of a process and analysis of its resulting data in both dynamic and steady-state conditions are fundamental steps in understanding the process in order to design and efficient control of system as well as implementing operational cost reduction scheme. In the present paper, steady and unsteady state simulation of Amir Kabir1, 3 butadiene purification units has been done by using Aspen and Aspen Dynamic software together with the Peng- Robinson equation of state to investigate the system responses to the disturbances. In the unsteady state simulation mode; the flow rates, pressure, temperature and level (FPTL) were controlled by Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers in the unit. Finally, transient responses to changes such as feed temperature, feed flow rates, steam flow rates and the duties of the re-boiler of columns in unit were gained. For reaching to purified 1,3 butadiene, sensitivity of the process to the fluctuations of feed temperature and on the duties of the re-boilers of the columns is noticeable .
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
A. Dehghan Lotfabad; S. Movahedirad; M.T. Sadeghi
Volume 13, Issue 1 , January 2016, , Pages 60-72
Abstract
Digital Image Analysis (DIA) has been employed to characterize the time evolution of a bubble injected from a single orifice into a pseudo 2-dimansional gas-solid fluidized bed. The injected bubble diameter increased with the square root of time before detachment. During bubble free flight in the bed, ...
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Digital Image Analysis (DIA) has been employed to characterize the time evolution of a bubble injected from a single orifice into a pseudo 2-dimansional gas-solid fluidized bed. The injected bubble diameter increased with the square root of time before detachment. During bubble free flight in the bed, its diameter remains approximately constant. The center of mass of the bubble increases with the second power of the time. The results show that the classical models for bubble injection can predict the time evolution of bubble diameter, and its center of mass. Bubble tends to elongate during injection and after detachment its height to width aspect ratio decreases. Image analyzing results used also for the study of gas leakage from the bubble to emulsion phase, and it has been shown that the dense phase expands up to 1.04 times of the minimum fluidization condition for large bubbles. The expansion ratio of the dense phase increases linearly with bubble diameter.
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
Sh. Mehmandoust; M. R. Moghbeli1*; M. Dadban; H. Karimian
Volume 12, Issue 3 , July 2015, , Pages 41-54
Abstract
"> Sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) was organically modified using 11- aminoundecanoic acid (AUA) and methacryloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride (MAETAC) via cation exchange reaction. The effect of the modifier type and concentration on the structure and surface properties of the organically modified ...
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"> Sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) was organically modified using 11- aminoundecanoic acid (AUA) and methacryloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride (MAETAC) via cation exchange reaction. The effect of the modifier type and concentration on the structure and surface properties of the organically modified montmorillonites (OMMTs) was investigated. According to the results, the basal spacing of organoclays was enlarged considerably with increasing the AUA concentration, while increasing the MAETAC concentration had no significant influence on OMMT’s gallery height. On the other hand, contact angle measurements revealed that increasing the modifiers concentration would increase the hydrophobicity of pristine montmorillonite. The FTIR spectra showed that the OMMTs interlayer environment changed from liquid-like to solid-like as the modifier concentration increased. A mean-field lattice-based model was applied to various polymer/OMMT systems to predict the affinity between the prepared OMMTs and some polymers with different hydrophobicity. The model results showed that high polar and hydrophilic polymers, such as poly(ethylene oxide), exhibit more negative free energy change and stronger interaction with the OMMTs and, consequently, higher potential for preparation of composites with desirable nanostructure and mechanical properties.
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
N. Yasrebi; J. Moghaddas
Volume 12, Issue 2 , April 2015, , Pages 3-12
Abstract
> Copper-silica aerogel was synthesized by the sol-gel method and was heated at 400, 500 and 600°C for 3 h in the air. The gained materials were named as sample (a), (b) and (c) respectively. Then all samples were characterized by FE-SEM, EDX and FTIR spectroscopy. For resistance measurements ...
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> Copper-silica aerogel was synthesized by the sol-gel method and was heated at 400, 500 and 600°C for 3 h in the air. The gained materials were named as sample (a), (b) and (c) respectively. Then all samples were characterized by FE-SEM, EDX and FTIR spectroscopy. For resistance measurements the pulverized material was pressed to form a disk-type sensor. The measurements of resistance in the relative humidity range of 11.3-84.3% were performed for all samples. For the following experiments sample (a) was chosen. Then the response time and stability properties were examined. The response time of 7.5 minutes was obtained and the stability graphs showed that in the higher RH the sensor was more stable.
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
Volume 11, Issue 4 , October 2014, , Pages 64-75
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
Volume 11, Issue 3 , July 2014, , Pages 59-66
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
Volume 11, Issue 2 , April 2014, , Pages 3-16
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
Volume 10, Issue 3 , July 2013, , Pages 60-75
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
Volume 10, Issue 1 , January 2013, , Pages 30-44
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
Volume 9, Issue 3 , July 2012, , Pages 48-54
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
Volume 9, Issue 3 , July 2012, , Pages 55-62
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
Volume 8, Issue 2 , April 2011, , Pages 18-28
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
Volume 8, Issue 1 , January 2011, , Pages 14-19
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
Volume 6, Issue 4 , October 2009, , Pages 27-33
Abstract
In low-temperature processes, heat rejected from separation columns is removed by refrigeration systems to heat sinks (reboilers & pre-heaters), process streams, other refrigeration streams, or external utilities. The need for efficient utilization and recovery of energy in sub-ambient gas separation ...
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In low-temperature processes, heat rejected from separation columns is removed by refrigeration systems to heat sinks (reboilers & pre-heaters), process streams, other refrigeration streams, or external utilities. The need for efficient utilization and recovery of energy in sub-ambient gas separation processes is still challenging. Performance and reliability of Simulated Annealing (SA) for simultaneous design and optimization of such systems has been investigated previously. In this work, the effect of different refrigerants satisfying a set of process cooling duties at different temperatures is addressed. Cost reduction can be realized by encompassing both effective screening of heat-integrated separation columns and selecting the best refrigerants. A 29.7% cost savings has been shown through a case study. Afterwards, a comprehensive thermodynamic analysis has been carried out on achieved solutions to verify the accuracy of existing shortcut models and robustness of optimized structure. It has been shown that exergy analysis using two different approaches (i.e. stream wise and unit operation wise) are the same, which indicate the accuracy of the used models. Moreover, we have indicated that both utility costs and exergy losses can be considered as an objective function when optimizing the designs.
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
Volume 6, Issue 2 , April 2009, , Pages 3-13
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
Volume 6, Issue 2 , April 2009, , Pages 29-36
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
Volume 6, Issue 2 , April 2009, , Pages 50-62
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
Volume 4, Issue 1 , January 2007, , Pages 36-42
Abstract
Carbon black or soot is a carbon rich material which is widely used as a modifier and filler. Usually carbon black is produced via thermal decomposition of heavy hydrocarbons. This process is too complex to be modelled fundamentally. In this study, the effect of reaction feed composition on the soot ...
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Carbon black or soot is a carbon rich material which is widely used as a modifier and filler. Usually carbon black is produced via thermal decomposition of heavy hydrocarbons. This process is too complex to be modelled fundamentally. In this study, the effect of reaction feed composition on the soot production yield was studied experimentally in a lab-scale reactor. The soot production was optimized based on feed Composition and economical aspects. The effects of reaction time and temperature on the product particle size produced using the optimized feed were also investigated experimentally. Then a semi-empirical model was developed to predict soot particle size as a function of reaction time and temperature. The model has been validated upon the experimental data successfully.
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
Volume 4, Issue 1 , January 2007, , Pages 54-70
Abstract
> Secondary growth technique was successfully applied for the synthesis of nanostructure sodalite membranes with vacuum seeding on tubular α-Al2O3 supports. In the seeding process, a thin, uniform and continuous seeding layer was closely attached to the support external surface by the pressure ...
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> Secondary growth technique was successfully applied for the synthesis of nanostructure sodalite membranes with vacuum seeding on tubular α-Al2O3 supports. In the seeding process, a thin, uniform and continuous seeding layer was closely attached to the support external surface by the pressure difference between the two sides of the support wall. The final nanostructure sodalite top-layers were synthesized on the seeded support into a stainless steel autoclave with a Teflon holder. The effect of seeding time on the microstructure of the synthesized sodalite top-layers was investigated at four different levels 60, 120, 180 and 240 s. The synthesized membranes were characterized by XRD, SEM and mercury porosimetry. The obtained results showed that sodalite zeolite was synthesized on the membranes top-layers with uniform surfaces. But, the top-layers thickness increases by increasing the seeding time and tends to reach a plateau. Further increasing the seeding time causes dense top-layers to form. Also, the performance of the manufactured sodalite membranes was evaluated by permeations of single gases (H2 and N2) under different pressure differences at a temperature of 283K. It is found that the membrane permeance shows a maximum value at seeding time 180 s with a constant permselectivity (H2/N2) of about 2.5. The permeation results were confirmed by SEM micrographs which showed a thick and low-dense top-layer in the membranes manufactured with the seeding time of 180 s.
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
Volume 3, Issue 4 , October 2006, , Pages 60-75
Abstract
The spreading of a tracer in a bubbly two-phase grid-generated turbulent flow system is studied. In this work both particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planer laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) are used to study the effect of the dispersed phase flow rate on the mixing characteristics of the tracer. The ...
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The spreading of a tracer in a bubbly two-phase grid-generated turbulent flow system is studied. In this work both particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planer laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) are used to study the effect of the dispersed phase flow rate on the mixing characteristics of the tracer. The turbulent intensity of the continuous phase in the bubbly two-phase grid-generated turbulent flow is close to isotropic, and increasing the gas void fraction reduces the degree of non-isotropicity. The self-similarity of mean and RMS values of the cross-stream concentration distribution is observed. A new mathematical model is suggested to describe the self-similarity of the cross-stream profiles of the mean concentration based on two separate Gaussian curves into the central and outer region of the flow. The turbulent diffusivity is calculated using the Taylor hypothesis, which is based on the growth of the variance of the cross-stream profiles of the mean concentration, with a position along the direction of the flow. An increase in the void fraction does not affect the diffusivity of the superimposed distribution of the plume in the central region, however it did increase in the outer region.
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
Volume 3, Issue 3 , July 2006, , Pages 65-74
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the particulate dispersion from Kerman Cement Plant. The upwind – downwind method was used to measure particle concentration and a cascade impactor was applied to determine particle size distribution. An Eulerian model, Gaussian plume model and an artificial ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the particulate dispersion from Kerman Cement Plant. The upwind – downwind method was used to measure particle concentration and a cascade impactor was applied to determine particle size distribution. An Eulerian model, Gaussian plume model and an artificial neural network have been used to compute and predict concentration of PM10 from Kerman Cement Plant. Eulerian model incorporates source related factors, meteorological factors, surface roughness and particle settling to estimate pollutant concentration from continuous sources. The measured data have been used to create an artificial neural network for predicting suspended particle concentration from Kerman Cement Plant. The data includes particle concentration, distance from source, mixing height, lateral and vertical dispersion parameters and 10 meters wind speed. The performance of these models has been compared with the measured data. The AAPD (Average Absolute Percent Deviation) parameter for the results of the Eulerian model, Gaussian model and ANNs was 25.53%, 15.38% and 5.91% respectively.
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
Volume 3, Issue 2 , April 2006, , Pages 20-32
Process Control and Engineering, Process Safety, HSE
Volume 3, Issue 1 , January 2006, , Pages 65-76