Separation Technology,
S. Roshdi; A. Bairami; I. Abbasi
Abstract
Amine gas sweetening is a process in which acidic gases including hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are removed by a solution of water and amines. Many parameters influence the sweetening process. Knowledge about the important parameters and their degree of importance is of great interest ...
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Amine gas sweetening is a process in which acidic gases including hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are removed by a solution of water and amines. Many parameters influence the sweetening process. Knowledge about the important parameters and their degree of importance is of great interest to achieve the optimum condition. Nine effective parameters including the CO2 and H2S contents of the feed, the temperature and pressure of the feed, the tray number and pressure of the absorber, the lean amine temperature, and the concentrations of Methyl Diethanol Amine (MDEA), and Piperazine (PZ) have been chosen as effective variables, while CO2/H2S recovery and total process energy have been considered as response variables. After the verification of the present study with real plant data, the experimental layout was designed by the Plackett-Burman approach, and the model validation has been confirmed by ANOVA. The results of the present study showed that the most effective parameters in the CO2 recovery are the absorber tray number and PZ concentration, while in the H2S recovery, the absorber tray number is the most important variable. Regarding the total energy of the proces, feed temperature, PZ concentration, absorber tray number, lean amine temperature, and feed pressure are obtained as important variables. The optimum condition has been obtained in the feed and absorber pressures of 5758.9, and 1458.9 kPa respectively, with the feed and lean amine temperature of 0.11 and 50 respectively, the concentrations of 17.57 and 3.8 wt.% of MDEA and PZ respectively, the absorber tray number of 20 and the mass flow rates of 792 and 103.6 kg/h of CO2 and H2S respectively. Under the mentioned conditions, the CO2 and H2S recovery were achieved at 99.99 % while the total energy of the process was 3.56 Mw.
P. Khadiv-Parsi; H. Moradi; M. Shafieeardestani; P. Taheri
Abstract
In this research, the metal-organic framework of HKUST-1 (Hong Koung University of Science and Technology) was synthesized for use in modern drug delivery systems by the thermal solvent method. It was activated in two conditions: under vacuum pressure and by a freeze-drying method. The synthesized HKUST-1 ...
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In this research, the metal-organic framework of HKUST-1 (Hong Koung University of Science and Technology) was synthesized for use in modern drug delivery systems by the thermal solvent method. It was activated in two conditions: under vacuum pressure and by a freeze-drying method. The synthesized HKUST-1 Metal-Organic Framework was analyzed by IR, XRD, BET, and SEM. In order to examine and compare the results, the IR sample was synthesized using the sample before and after the activation of the sample. Regarding the XRD pattern, the peak area of 2θ = 11.760 showed the highest intensity. The SEM images showed an octagonal morphology in which the particle size was in the range of 5-65 μm. Furthermore, by using the BET method, the surface area of 1306 m2/g was calculated.
M. Zangouie; A. Hemmati; M. Kian; J. Shayegan
Abstract
The membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a treatment bioreactor of urban and industrial wastewaters. The advantages of the MBR technology encompass high-quality effluents, less space requirements, and high-speed startups. This study aims to investigate the fouling phenomenon in the flour industry sewage ...
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The membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a treatment bioreactor of urban and industrial wastewaters. The advantages of the MBR technology encompass high-quality effluents, less space requirements, and high-speed startups. This study aims to investigate the fouling phenomenon in the flour industry sewage treatment. The pilot has been designed and constructed in line with the research concerning the industrial wastewater treatment. After the adaptation of microorganisms, physical and chemical tests such as chemical oxygen demands (COD), turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS), extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and soluble microbial products (SMP) were conducted during the process. The concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) in the membrane bioreactor ranged between 5000 and 8500 mg/L. Hydraulic retention times (HRTs) were fixed at 4, 8, and 16 h. Three types of resistance were considered via measuring the leakage current and transmembrane pressure (TMP). Accordingly, the total resistance rates for HRTs of 4, 8, and 16h were 22.5×1010, 21.3×1010, and 20.4×1010 m-1 respectively. Considering the average organic loading rate (OLR) in three HRTs of 4, 8, and 16 h (8.84, 5.13, and 2.84 kg the COD/m3×day respectively), the daily feed was provided to the bioreactor, and the removal efficiency of COD was assessed. An average removal of 95 % was achieved in the whole process. In this method, the input turbidity of the effluent has been increased to 187 NTU and, then, reduced to less than 3 NTU. It was also observed that EPS, SMP, and the extracted carbohydrates played more vital roles in the membrane biofouling than the extracted proteins.
Materials synthesize and production
N. Shahgholian; M. Jalilpiran
Abstract
The chemical interesterification (CIE) process is a promising approach to modifying and improving oils and fat structure. In this study, CIE of fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSO) and sunflower oil (SFO) was performed. Different initial blends with various mass ratios of 20-45% FHSO (coded as S1, S2, ...
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The chemical interesterification (CIE) process is a promising approach to modifying and improving oils and fat structure. In this study, CIE of fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSO) and sunflower oil (SFO) was performed. Different initial blends with various mass ratios of 20-45% FHSO (coded as S1, S2, S3, and S4) were converted to interesterified samples (Si-1, Si-2, Si-3, and Si-4, peer-to-peer). The interesterified samples (60% content) were used in different margarine formulas with 40% palmolein PO (M1, M2, M3, M4), and margarines enriched with beta-carotene, to compensate for the reduction of carotene during the oil decolorization process during refining. Esterification caused a significant decrease in the solid fat content (SFC) of initial fat blends and fatty acid profile analysis confirmed just less than 0.17-0.3% of trans fatty acid content (According to the definition of zero trans less than 0.5 g/12 g serving). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement indicated that the interesterified samples possess lower melting points while showing binary or ternary crystallization peaks. The Polarized light microscopy (PLM) confirmed the presence of fine, desirable β´spherulite crystals, which are effective in creating the proper texture in margarine. Formulated margarines were evaluated and compared with one type of commercial margarine (as a control sample). According to the texture profile analysis (TPA) and organoleptic results, the M3 formula was chosen as the best formulation for margarine preparation (using Si-3 blending with the 35: 65 ratios of FHSO to SFO).
Biomedical and Biotechnology,
S. Kavoosi; Al.R. Habibi; K. Varmira; H. Abdolahzadeh
Abstract
Nisin is a natural heat resistance preserver with wide applications in food industries. The main drawback of nisin is its weak activity against most Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, the antibacterial activities of nisin against Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii, ...
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Nisin is a natural heat resistance preserver with wide applications in food industries. The main drawback of nisin is its weak activity against most Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, the antibacterial activities of nisin against Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii, and Escherichia coli improved via the Maillard reaction with xanthan. The nisin-xanthan conjugates analyzed by the ultraviolet, fluorescence, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies. The results showed temperature, reaction duration, and nisin-to-xanthan ratio affected the quality of the obtained conjugates. In relevant to the results, the antibacterial activity of 100 mg L-1 of the conjugates was increased against S. aureus, S. typhimurium, and E. coli when the nisin to xanthan ratio was increased from 1:1 to 4:1 and reached 88.8, 98.7, and 97.7%, respectively. The increase in temperature from 90 ᵒC to 110 ᵒC enhanced the antibacterial effects against all test bacteria, especially for persistent Gram-negative cells, namely C. freundii and K. pneumoniae. The longer Maillard reaction after 110 min at 110 ᵒC did not improve the antibacterial activity of the conjugates against all test bacteria. The best antibacterial activity was observed at a temperature of 110 ᵒC for 110 min for a nisin-to-xanthan ratio of 4:1.
Z. S. Hosseini; A. Dashti; A. Abdollahi
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive amphiphilic core-shell polymer nanoparticles are an important category of smart materials which have been studied due to their advantages of changing of physical or chemical properties in response of stimuli. In this study, poly[2(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA) as hydrophilic ...
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Stimuli-responsive amphiphilic core-shell polymer nanoparticles are an important category of smart materials which have been studied due to their advantages of changing of physical or chemical properties in response of stimuli. In this study, poly[2(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA) as hydrophilic core with hydrophobic layer polystyrene (PS) as shell were synthesized by seeded emulsion polymerization to achieve dual-sensitive core-shell nanoparticle (CSNP). Temperature- and CO2- responsive CSNPs were investigated as two important smart behaviors. The CSNPs were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, two essential parameters including the polymerization conversion and stability of polymer latexes were investigated. Obtained results showed that hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity balance of the latex nanoparticles could be changed by variation of temperature and induction of CO2 gas flow, as a result of temperature- and CO2-responsivities of the PDMAEMA core. The particle size of CSNP was increased when the temperature rised above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the PDMAEMA. It is due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules and tertiary amine group which lead to swell in PDMAEMA below LCST, and deswelling from water above LCST of the PDMAEMA. Furthermore, the size of the latex nanoparticles was increased from 696 nm to 853 nm after CO2-bubbling which led to increase hydrophilicity or water swelling of PDMAEMA in latex nanoparticles.
Materials synthesize and production
Mahdi Norouzi; Seyyed Ghorban Hosseini; Manoochehr Fathollahi; Seyyed Alireza Rezvan Leylan; sajjad ebrahimi; Azam Karimian
Abstract
Potassium superoxide tablets can be used in respiratory air regeneration systems within confined spaces such as spacecraft, submarines, coal mines and individual and collective masks. These tablets react with moisture and carbon dioxide in air and release oxygen. In this study, The effect of five parameters; ...
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Potassium superoxide tablets can be used in respiratory air regeneration systems within confined spaces such as spacecraft, submarines, coal mines and individual and collective masks. These tablets react with moisture and carbon dioxide in air and release oxygen. In this study, The effect of five parameters; the pressing pressure (0.5, 2, 4 and 5 bar), humidity (10, 15, 20, 25 %), Catalyst additives (CuSO4.5H2O, (Cu2(OH)3Cl2)2, CuO, TiO2), H2O Absorbent additives (SiO2, LiCl, CaO, SiO2.Al2O3) and CO2 Absorbent additives (LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2) were investigated in four levels using the Taguchi method. The carbon dioxide absorption and Surface Erosion were selected as criteria for optimizing the performance of Potassium Superoxide tablets based on the analysis of variance and the optimal conditions of each were evaluated separately and simultaneously. The optimal conditions for the higher carbon dioxide absorption and smaller Surface Erosion include the Humidity of 15 %, pressing pressure of 4 bar, CuSO4.5H2O as the Catalyst, SiO2 as the H2O absorbent and Ca(OH)2 as the CO2 absorbent. Experiments performed in the performance test show that the optimized tablets in this study show a 28 % and 79 % increase in the carbon dioxide absorption compared to commercial tablets and pure potassium superoxide respectively. The results showed that the catalysts with copper cation had the greatest effect on the performance of the tablets.
M. yari; Gh. Moradi; M. Abdolmaleki; Sh. Bashiri
Abstract
Biodiesel, as a renewable and environmentally friendly fuel, is a feasible alternative to fossil diesel, which has gained great popularity in recent years. However, due to some undesirable properties such as higher viscosity, biodiesel must be blended with diesel in order to be utilizable in a diesel ...
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Biodiesel, as a renewable and environmentally friendly fuel, is a feasible alternative to fossil diesel, which has gained great popularity in recent years. However, due to some undesirable properties such as higher viscosity, biodiesel must be blended with diesel in order to be utilizable in a diesel engine. Therefore, a reasonable approach is required for predicting the diesel-biodiesel blend properties. This study tries to estimate two substantial properties of blend, i.e. kinemattic viscosity (KV) and cetane number (CN), through neural network (NN) and empirical models which use pure properties of biodiesel (kinematic viscosity, boiling point, evaporation point, flash point, pour point, heat of combustion, cloud point, and specific gravity) as independent variables. In this regard, a three-layer feed-forward network with varying input parameters, training algorithms, transfer functions, and hidden neurons has been examined to predict the KV and CN of the diesel-biodiesel blend. Besides, the prediction capability of thirty empirical equations is investigated to determine the top equations describing blend properties. The result reveals that an ANN with three input parameters of biodiesel concentration (%), the CN of biodiesel, and biodiesel cloud point has the best prediction quality of CN with an R-value of 0.9961. Moreover, NN estimates the KV of blend with the highest correlation coefficient of 0.9985. The results corresponding to empirical equations also indicate that fractional-exponential equations are the best describer of the CN and KV of blend with R-values of 0.9947 and 0.9980, respectively.
A. Alipour; R. Sotude.Gharebagh; M. Koksal; G. Kulah; R. Zarghami; N. Mostoufi
Abstract
The attrition of 300 µm natural zeolite particles was studied in a laboratory scale draft tube spouted bed (DTSB) and spout-fluid bed (DTSFB). It has been shown that the attrition rate decreases with time and reaches to an almost constant value. The results show that the prevailing attrition mechanism ...
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The attrition of 300 µm natural zeolite particles was studied in a laboratory scale draft tube spouted bed (DTSB) and spout-fluid bed (DTSFB). It has been shown that the attrition rate decreases with time and reaches to an almost constant value. The results show that the prevailing attrition mechanism under the conditions of this work is the surface abrasion which occurs due to the collisions between particles. It has been found that increasing the cone angle from 30º to 60º in the DTSB, causes a decrease in the extent of attrition. In addition, by increasing the spouting air velocity and the height of the entrainment zone in the DTSB, the extent of attrition increases due to a more energetic collision between particles as well as the increased circulation rate of solids. Increasing the auxiliary air velocity in the DTSFB increases the rate of attrition. A comparison between the attrition in the DTSB and DTSFB has been conducted and has indicated that applying the auxiliary air flow causes up to a 6 % increase in the extent of attrition. An empirical correlation is derived for evaluating the extent of the attrition in the DTSB and DTSFB. This empirical correlation is in good agreement with the experimental data.
A. Etemadi; R. Alizadeh; M. Sirousazar
Abstract
Water and solid effective diffusivities and shrinkage were correlated for finite hollow cylinder-shaped apple samples during the candying operation in the osmotic solution. Experiments were conducted in the sucrose solution as an osmotic agent at different temperatures (i.e., 40, 50, and 60 °C) and ...
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Water and solid effective diffusivities and shrinkage were correlated for finite hollow cylinder-shaped apple samples during the candying operation in the osmotic solution. Experiments were conducted in the sucrose solution as an osmotic agent at different temperatures (i.e., 40, 50, and 60 °C) and at a constant concentration of 55 °Brix. The effective diffusivities of water and solid were calculated by fitting the water loss and solid uptake experimental data to Fick’s second law and fractional calculus method, considering the shrinkage of the samples during the candying process. The obtained results exhibited that the volume of the apples reduced linearly by increasing the water loss. For above conditions of the candying process, water effective diffusivities with Fick second law were determined in the range of 3.7×10−10 m2/s–8.73×10−10 m2/s, and those with fractional calculus method were in the range of 2.75×10−10 m2/s–6.98×10−10 m2/s. The results indicated that the coefficient of determination for the fractional calculus method was more than the coefficient of determination for the Fick model. The value of the empirical parameter α for the Non-Fickian diffusion model was always higher than unity, meaning that the dehydration process had a super-diffusive mechanism.
Environmental Engineering,
A. Es,Hagi; H. Hazrati
Abstract
The membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a combination of biological and membrane systems. It utilizes advanced technologies in the treatment of various types of wastewater, having unique advantages such as the high-quality effluent and improved efficiency. The primary limiting factor for the utilization of ...
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The membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a combination of biological and membrane systems. It utilizes advanced technologies in the treatment of various types of wastewater, having unique advantages such as the high-quality effluent and improved efficiency. The primary limiting factor for the utilization of this bioreactor is the membrane fouling phenomenon, which increases operational costs. In this study, four membrane bioreactors were used, with the first MBR (R1) serving as the control bioreactor. In the second MBR (R2), an adsorption process was employed, while in the third (R3) and fourth MBR (R4), in addition to the adsorption process, the electrochemical process was applied with voltages of two and one volts respectively. For the four bioreactors, the percentages of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were recorded as 86%, 91.2%, 90.7%, and 95.3% respectively. The levels of the total Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) in R1, R2, R3, and R4 were about 260, 155, 177, and 98 mg/gVSS respectively. The R4 exhibited significantly lower EPS (98 mg/gVSS) compared to R1 (260 mg/gVSS), possibly due to the adsorption of EPS by nanoparticles and its subsequent removal during the electrochemical process. The role of voltage was evident in R3, where the higher voltage (2V) resulted in the less removal of EPS (155 mg/gVSS) compared to the same in R4 (98 mg/gVSS). The study found that the values of the Soluble Microbial Products (SMP) for R4, R3, R2, and R1 were about 15, 65, 55 and 139 mg/L respectively. Particularly in the most effective MBR, R4, where the addition of the zeolite adsorbent alongside metal ions demonstrated the best performance in the removal of SMP.
Separation Technology,
P. Abbasi; K. Shayesteh; V. Vahidfard; M.J. Khani
Abstract
The cementation reaction of Ni-Cd occurs on the surface of zinc powder, and the Ni-Cd ions in the zinc sulfate solution (make-up) change into a solid metal deposit during the process. The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of the particle size of zinc powder on the operational parameters ...
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The cementation reaction of Ni-Cd occurs on the surface of zinc powder, and the Ni-Cd ions in the zinc sulfate solution (make-up) change into a solid metal deposit during the process. The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of the particle size of zinc powder on the operational parameters of cementation, such as the quantity of the zinc powder used, the reaction temperature, and the contact time. These parameters are influential on cost reduction as well as the manufacturing rate of zinc ingot. Results indicated that providing that the zinc powder, -325 mesh, is used, the consumption of zinc powder used in the industry can be reduced by an average of 40%. It was also confirmed that the best times for the cementation of Ni-Cd for all studied sizes were 75 and 60 minutes respectively. The Ni and Ca were removed in -325 mesh to the optimal values at 85℃ and 65℃ respectively. By optimizing the evaluated parameters, the concentrations of Ni and Cd impurities were obtained at the lowest possible and acceptable levels for transferring the make-up solution to the electrolysis stage.
S. Faramarzi; A.H Oudi; S. Azimi; Y. Davoodbeygi
Abstract
Methanol is an important industrial chemical, and its synthesis and purification units are among the most widely used processes in the field of energy. The two-column separation unit of methanol has been analyzed from the thermodynamic and energy points of view in the present study. The simulation has ...
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Methanol is an important industrial chemical, and its synthesis and purification units are among the most widely used processes in the field of energy. The two-column separation unit of methanol has been analyzed from the thermodynamic and energy points of view in the present study. The simulation has been done by Aspen Hysys V11 and the SRK equation has been regarded as the most appropriate equation of state (EOS) for this simulation with the mean relative error (MRE) of 2 %. Then, the design of the heat exchanger network (HEN) has been calculated using the Aspen Energy Analyzer V11. Both distillation towers have been analyzed using pinch technology. As a result, the amount of hot and cold utilities used has been LP=1.482×〖10〗^8, MP=1.57×〖10〗^4, and Air =1.423×〖10〗^8, respectively. Besides, the total heating and cooling target of the process has been 1.482×〖10〗^8 and 1.423×〖10〗^8, accordingly. Then, the 〖∆T〗_min (minimum allowable temperature difference between hot and cold currents) and its effect on the annual cost have been investigated. The optimum value 〖∆T〗_min is determined to have better-operating conditions and to meet the design of the HEN economically. Reducing 〖∆T〗_min increases operating costs and reduces energy costs.
Modeling and Simulation
M. Moghadasi; M. Moraveji; O. Alizadeh
Abstract
Ejectors offer a cost-effective and practical solution for recovering flare gases, thereby reducing greenhouse gases. Improving the entrainment rate of the secondary fluid can enhance ejector performance. The objective of this research is to identify the optimal ejector geometry to maximize the absorption ...
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Ejectors offer a cost-effective and practical solution for recovering flare gases, thereby reducing greenhouse gases. Improving the entrainment rate of the secondary fluid can enhance ejector performance. The objective of this research is to identify the optimal ejector geometry to maximize the absorption rate of the secondary fluid. Computational fluid dynamics is used to evaluate a two-phase ejector. Geometric parameters such as throat diameter and length, nozzle diameter, and converging and diverging angles impact the absorption rate of the secondary fluid. Using a multi-objective genetic algorithm, the optimal values for each parameter are obtained. The results show that reducing the throat length and angle of the converging section, as well as nozzle diameter, leads to increased absorption. In contrast, the throat and angle of the divergent section increase absorption. Additionally, energy efficiency is investigated under basic and optimized geometries. The findings reveal that increasing the soak range does not necessarily enhance energy efficiency.
Materials synthesize and production
Mahdi Norouzi; sajjad ebrahimi; Zohre Dehestani; Azam Kraimian; Seyyed Alireza Rezvan Leylan; Reza Fallahzade Abarghoui
Abstract
The preparation of ethylcellulose (EC) nanofibers (NFs) by the electrospinning method was optimized by Taguchi design. A Taguchi design was performed for electrospinning parameters such as EC concentration, voltage, ethanol/water ratio in the solvent, and feed rate in four levels (array L16). EC solutions ...
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The preparation of ethylcellulose (EC) nanofibers (NFs) by the electrospinning method was optimized by Taguchi design. A Taguchi design was performed for electrospinning parameters such as EC concentration, voltage, ethanol/water ratio in the solvent, and feed rate in four levels (array L16). EC solutions with a certain concentration were prepared in ethanol-water solvents with a certain ratio. The solutions were then stirred at a constant temperature for four hours and left overnight. Electrospinning parameters such as temperature 30 ˚C, distance between syringe needle and collector 10 cm, aluminum foil 20 micrometers as collector, collector speed 400 rpm, and electrospinning time 2.5 hours are constant in all electrospinning experiments, but voltage and feed rate were changed according to the experimental design. The resulting EC fibers were imaged by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM images of EC fibers were processed by Image J software, and the average diameter of EC fibers in each experiment was calculated. The results of the diameter of the electrospun EC fibers showed that all the fibers had a diameter of less than 100 nm. Also, the results of the diameter of EC fibers were analyzed based on the analysis of variance, and it was found that the ethanol/water ratio in the solvent (34.9%), the feed rate (23.5%), the voltage (22.1%), and the EC concentration (17.5%), respectively, had the greatest contribution to the diameter of EC fibers. Under optimal conditions, EC fibers with a diameter of 41 nm were prepared.
Modeling and Simulation
Hadis Tanha; Fatemeh Bashipour
Abstract
Time-consuming and costly experiments to measure cetane number (CN) of biodiesel make computations even more valuable. In the current study, two artificial intelligence (AI) models have been used to predict the biodiesel CN by using comprehensive datasets (440 datasets). They were the gradient-based ...
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Time-consuming and costly experiments to measure cetane number (CN) of biodiesel make computations even more valuable. In the current study, two artificial intelligence (AI) models have been used to predict the biodiesel CN by using comprehensive datasets (440 datasets). They were the gradient-based artificial neural network (GB-ANN) and the multi-layer-perceptron ANN optimized by the genetic algorithm (GA-ANN) for the first time. Three model's input variables for predicting the target variable of the biodiesel CN are the average number of carbon atoms, the average number of double bonds, and the average molecular weight of the fatty acid methyl esters. The learning function, transfer function, number of hidden layers, and number of neurons in the hidden layers are some of the optimized parameters in the current AI-models. The developed models were compared using statistical criteria such as the coefficient of determination (R2), the mean square error (MSE), the average absolute relative deviation (AARD), the standard deviation (STD), and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The resulting outcomes revealed that the highest R2 and the lowest MSE are related to the GB-ANN model with two hidden layers, trainbfg learning method, and the logsig-tansig-purelin transfer function. The R2 and MSE for the optimized model are equal to 0.9296 and 0.0005, respectively. Although the GA-ANN achieved acceptable outcomes, its statistical analyses produced weaker outcomes than the AI-model based on GB-ANN.