Iranian Association of Chemical Engineers(IAChE)Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering(IJChE)1735-53975220080401Multidimensional Dynamic Modeling of Milk Ultrafiltration Using Neuro-Fuzzy Method and a Hybrid Physical Model32211277ENJournal Article20151018<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Prediction of the dynamic crossflow ultrafiltration rate of a protein solution such as</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>milk poses a complex non-linear problem as the filtration rate has a strong dependence</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>on both the solution physicochemical conditions and the operating conditions. As a</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>result, the development of general physics-based models has proved extremely</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>challenging. In this study an alternative dynamic neuro-fuzzy model for milk</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>ultrafiltration that describes the variation in dynamic permeate flux decline with</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>temperature, transmembrane pressure (TMP), fat percentage, pH and molecular weight</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>cut off (MWCO) has been developed with the experimental data of the pilot spiral</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>wound membrane test rig. By increasing the temperature, TMP, and pH the permeate</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>flux is increased, and by increasing fat concentration the permeate flux is decreased.</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>The MWCO variation indicates a paradoxical permeate flux. Additionally, a hybrid</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>physical model for dynamic prediction of total resistance in the milk ultrafiltration by</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>combination of two neuro-fuzzy (ANFIS) models and a physical model (BLA model) is</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>developed. By increasing the TMP and fat concentration, the total resistance is</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>increased. But by increasing the pH and temperature, the total resistance is decreased.</em> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Also, MWCO variation indicates a paradoxical total resistance value.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span>Iranian Association of Chemical Engineers(IAChE)Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering(IJChE)1735-53975220080401Solid Phase Equation of State Application for Wax Formation Prediction in Petroleum Mixtures233311278ENJournal Article20151018<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Precipitation ofsolid paraffins is one ofthe most common problems in the oil industry,</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>imposing high operating costs. There have been a great many efforts for the prediction</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>of solid paraffins precipitation up to now. Most of them were based on activity</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>coefficient models accounting to solid phase non-ideality or the multi-solid model to</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>calculate the number ofprecipitated solid phases. In this work, solid phase behavior is</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>predicted by a solid equation of state. At first, by using the thermodynamic method</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>(subcoled liquid) for pure solid phase fugacity from pure liquid fugacity, the solid EOS</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>parameters are tuned.</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>The tuned solid EOS can then be directly applied for the prediction of the amount of</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>precipitated solid paraffins (waxes) in the oil samples. The proposed equations system</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>in this work is solved by a proper mathematical method. The obtained results of wax</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>precipitation in this work are in good agreement with the experimental data.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span>Iranian Association of Chemical Engineers(IAChE)Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering(IJChE)1735-53975220080401Surfactant Remediation of LNAPL Contaminated Soil; Effects of adding alkaline and foam producing substances344411279ENJournal Article20151018<span style="font-size: 16pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Uncontrolled release of light non aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) such as diesel,</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>gasoline, fuel oils and lubricating oils from transporting vehicles, pipeline and</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>underground storage tanks (UST) could lead to the migration of contaminants to the</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>subsurface soil and ground water. There is a high interfacial tension (IFT) between</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>LNAPL molecules and water molecules that makes water a non-efficient cleaning</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>material for removing LNAPL from the soil. Nowadays, surfactants (surface active</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>agents) can promote the enhanced removal of LNAPL from the subsurface through</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>mobilization and solubilization. Encouraging results were achieved from laboratory</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>and field results. The aim of this study is to improve the clean up efficiency of</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>surfactant-flooding for two different surfactants; Triton X-100 and Sodium Dodecyl</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Sulfate which are known as mobilizing and solubilizing surfactants, respectively, by</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>adding alkaline (increasing pH) and foam producing substances. It is shown here that</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>adding alkaline improves the performance of Triton X-100 in removing LNAPL from</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>the contaminated soil by about 8 percent, but spoils the remediating capability of</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate by about 3 percent. Also, adding a foaming agent helps the</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>surfactant solution in removing the LNAPLs out of the soil by more than 5 percent.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span>Iranian Association of Chemical Engineers(IAChE)Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering(IJChE)1735-53975220080401Preparation and Characterization of Polyaniline/CaCO3 Composite and its Application as Anticorrosive Coating on Iron455411280ENJournal Article20151019<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Composites of polyaniline with calcium carbonate particles (PANI/CaCO</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>3</em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>) with</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>different CaCO</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>3 </em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>content (0-40 %w/w) were prepared. Two different methods of in situ</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>polymerization and solution mixing were used for PANI/CaCO</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>3 </em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>composite preparation.</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>The composite was characterized using FT-IR, SEM, electrical conductivity</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>measurement and cyclic voltammetry techniques. The incorporation of CaCO</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>3 </em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>particles</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>in polyaniline matrix in both methods of composite preparation was confirmed by FTIR results. Electrical conductivity measurements showed that the conductivity of the</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>composite decreases by increasing the CaCO</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>3 </em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>loading in polyaniline. Also, the</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>anticorrosive property of the PANI/CaCO</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>3 </em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>composite coating on iron samples was</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>investigated in various corrosive environments. According to the results, the corrosion</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>rate or corrosion current of PANI/CaCO</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>3 </em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>composite coated iron coupons was much</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>lower (96.75%) than polyaniline coated samples. Also, results showed that the</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>corrosion current of composite coated samples varies with the variation of the CaCO</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>3</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>content in composite coating, and the optimum CaCO</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>3 </em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>content of composite coating to</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>achieve the best anticorrosive performance on iron is 10 %w/w.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Iranian Association of Chemical Engineers(IAChE)Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering(IJChE)1735-53975220080401Phase Inversion in a Batch Liquid – Liquid Stirred System556311281ENJournal Article20151019"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Phase inversion phenomenon occurs in many industrial processes including liquidliquid dispersions. Some parameters such as energy input or the presence of mineral</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>compounds in the system affect this phenomenon.</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>The aim of this research is to study the speed of rotation or energy input at a range of</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>400 to 800 rpm in a batch liquid-liquid system containing toluene and water. The</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>presence of sodium chloride and magnesium sulphate in the system was also studied.</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>It was shown that the increase of energy input had a more obvious effect on oil in water</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>(O/W ) dispersion at lower values of holdup. It was also shown that the ambivalence</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>(o/w </em><span style="font-family: SymbolMT; font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">→ <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>w/o) region of the phase inversion curve shifted downward and became wider</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>as a result of the decrease in interfacial tension.</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>It was observed that inorganic salt, used in both single and dual (mixed) shapes,</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>enhanced phase inversion for O/W dispersion. Therefore, the greater the ionic strength</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>of salt, the greater the tendency to phase inversion is.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /></span></span></span>Iranian Association of Chemical Engineers(IAChE)Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering(IJChE)1735-53975220080401The Effects of SiO2 and Al2O3 Binders on the Activity and Selectivity of Bifunctional Fe/HZSM-5 Catalyst in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis647011282ENJournal Article20151019"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>The influence of SiO</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>2 </em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>and Al</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>2</em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>O</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>3 </em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>binders on the catalyst performance and products</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>selectivity of the precipitated Fe-Cu-K catalyst physically mixtured with HZSM-5 was</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>studied in a fixed bed tubular reactor. The iron catalyst was mixed with HZSM-5 zeolite</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>and shaped to cylinders form by alumina and or silica as a binder for increasing the</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>mechanical strength of bifunctional catalyst. The catalyst activity was tested under</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>reaction condition, P=17 bar, T=290 </em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>o</em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>C , H</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>2</em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>/CO=1 and GHSV= 3.07 NL.h</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>-1</em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>.g.Fe</em><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>-1</em><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>.</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>The results showed that the catalyst activity for Fischer – Tropsch and water gas shift</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>reactions for silica binders is lower than alumina and secondary reactions in the</em> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>presence of alumina is higher.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>